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September 24, 2025

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United States President Donald Trump has urged pregnant women to avoid paracetamol except in cases of extremely high fever, because of a possible link to autism.

Paracetamol – known as acetaminophen or by the brand name Tylenol in the US – is commonly used to relieve pain, such as back pain and headaches, and to reduce fever during pregnancy.

Australia’s Therapeutic Goods Administration today re-affirmed existing medical guidelines that it’s safe for pregnant women to take paracetamol at any stage of pregnancy.

Paracetamol is classified as a Category A drug. This means many pregnant women and women of childbearing age have long used it without increases in birth defects or harmful effects on the fetus.

It’s important to treat fevers in pregnancy. Untreated high fever in early pregnancy is linked to miscarriage, neural tube defects, cleft lip and palate, and heart defects. Infections in pregnancy have also been linked to greater risks of autism.

How has the research evolved in recent years?

In 2021 an international panel of experts looked at evidence from human and animal studies of paracetamol use in pregnancy. Their consensus statement warned that paracetamol use during pregnancy may alter fetal development, with negative effects on child health.

Last month a a group of researchers from Harvard University examined the association between paracetamol and neurodevelopmental disorders including autism and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in existing research.

They identified 46 studies and found 27 studies reported links between taking paracetamol in pregnancy and neurodevelopmental disorders in the offspring, nine showed no significant link, and four indicated it was associated with a lower risk.

The most notable study in their review, due to its sophisticated statistical analysis, covered almost 2.5 million children born in Sweden between 1995 and 2019, and was published in 2024.

The authors found there was a marginally increased risk of autism and ADHD associated with paracetamol use during pregnancy. However, when the researchers analysed matched-full sibling pairs, to account for genetic and environmental influences the siblings shared, the researchers found no evidence of an increased risk of autism, ADHD, or intellectual disability associated with paracetamol use.

Siblings of autistic children have a 20% chance of also being autistic. Environmental factors within a home can also affect the risk of autism. To account for these influences, the researchers compared the outcomes of siblings where one child was exposed to paracetamol in utero and the other wasn’t, or when the siblings had different levels of exposure.

The authors of the 2024 study concluded that associations found in other studies may be attributable to “confounding” factors: influences that can distort research findings.

A further review published in February examined the strengths and limitations of the published literature on the effect of paracetamol use in pregnancy on the child’s risk of developing ADHD and autism. The authors noted most studies were difficult to interpret because they had biases, including in selecting participants, and they didn’t for confounding factors.

When confounding factors among siblings were accounted for, they found any associations weakened substantially. This suggests shared genetic and environmental factors may have caused bias in the original observations.

Working out what causes or increases the risk of autism

A key piece to consider when assessing the risk of paracetamol and any link to neurodevelopmental disorders is how best to account for many other potentially relevant factors that may be important.

We still don’t know all the causes of autism, but several genetic and non-genetic factors have been implicated: the mother’s medication use, illnesses, body mass index, alcohol consumption, smoking status, pregnancy complications including pre-eclampsia and fetal growth restriction, the mother and father’s ages, whether the child is an older or younger sibling, the newborn’s Apgar scores to determine their state of health, breastfeeding, genetics, socioeconomic status, and societal characteristics.

It’s particularly hard to measure the last three characteristics, so they are often not appropriately taken into account in studies.

Other times, it may not be the use of paracetamol that is important but rather the mother’s underlying illness or reason paracetamol is being taken, such as the fever associated with an infection, that influences child development.

I’m pregnant, what does this mean for me?

There is no clear evidence that paracetamol has any harmful effects on an unborn baby.

But as with any medicine taken during pregnancy, paracetamol should be used at the lowest effective dose for the shortest possible time.

If you’re pregnant and develop a fever, it’s important to treat this fever, including with paracetamol.

If the recommended dose of paracetamol doesn’t control your symptoms or you’re in pain, contact your doctor, midwife or maternity hospital for further medical advice.

Remember, the advice for taking ibuprofen and other NSAIDS when you’re pregnant is different. Ibuprofen (sold under the brand name Nurofen) should not be taken during pregnancy.The Conversation


Nicholas Wood, Professor, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney and Debra Kennedy, Conjoint Associate Professor, School of Women’s and Children’s Health, UNSW Sydney

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

  • There is definitely much more uncertainty around it in the news as of late but it’s always best to take with direction of a gp or pharmacist. It should never be taken in long lengths and only as required as that has always been the case. But do i still think its safe when taken correctly, yes!

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  • I watched this news when he says it. But i am coming to the point to argue. If it necessary we can take. Why do we need to take any medicine without a need? Even if it’s simple paracetamol no need if you don’t need. Personally I don’t think it will trigger to Autism

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  • It is very worrying that such a wild and inaccurate assertion was given very wide coverage. I understand why, but it really does promote fear and potentially some bad outcomes for pregnant women and their babies. I wish every outlet that covered it had included the advice that no credible medical practitioner supports this.

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  • Thanks for this article and giving mums-to-be some reassurance.

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  • Excuse me, but since when Donald Trump became a doctor or anyhow related to medical profession? The practice that has been used for so many years to protect women who experience any type of pain was medically proven. Would be better if real drugs and other stuff that harm people became prohibited.

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  • It is absolutely ludicrous that a major public figure like Trump with no medical research history can make a false announcement such as this! For all the mums who questioned themselves or endured pain to avoid Panadol they deserve an apology or at least an announcement from Trump correcting the false information.

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  • Clear abuse of power here.

    All he’s done is scare poor mums (especially new mum to be) that are already anxious about pregnancy

    Spreading false information with no back up and also what so now mums can’t take anything for pain? Pregnant women just have to suffer through that’s ridiculous

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  • It’s so scary to think that someone with such power will so easily say incorrect, scaremongering nonsense. This is a really well written and informative article. I really hope this doesn’t catch on, it’s so damaging to have baseless statements broadcast to the majority. And the last thing pregnant women need is to worry about something that isn’t true.

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  • Thanks for providing real facts when it comes to something as important as this. Pregnant women are already trying their best and they dont need worrying or conflicting medical advice from someone who should not be allowed to give it tats for sure. I definitely dont believe anything that comes from him

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  • A timely and balanced article. Well done on publishing it so quickly while providing real and informed information. It’s important for all of us to be mindful about what goes into our bodies ask the time and everything carries some risk whether you’re pregnant or not. Remember not taking paracetamol can have bigger consequences if you’re running a fever and we must slat be mindful of those with Autism and how they’re perceived. They are mum’s, dads, siblings, employees, bosses, etc. We’re all different, that doesn’t make us bad.

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  • Women really do not need extra layers of worry or possible guilt during pregnancy. Ensuring advice is taken from well respected and trusted health professionals is so very important during pregnancy. It can be a time of worry anyway and an extra layer of worry is not healthy for mother and baby.

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  • Thank you for clearing this up, Mouths of Mums. It was really irresponsible and harmful on multiple levels for that ignorant man to spout this nonsense. It’s harmful to people on the spectrum and creates unwarranted fear, guilt, and anxiety. it is in the words of someone, I can’t remember who, who used to call things “fake news.” Hmmm, I wonder who that was?

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  • Beyond annoyed how someone can so blatantly make such outrageous comments. I trust the scientists, doctors, medical professionals over anything else. Also, pain and fevers in pregnancy is extremely risky. Have we not got enough to worry about! Besides, the other issue here is making autism or adhd out to be something that should be shared or cared or eradicated.

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  • Everyone needs to ignore Trumps ignorant comments. Just remember he is not a Doctor and tends to act as if he knows everything when in truth he knows very little.
    I just love how everytime someone decides what causes Autism its always the Womans fault. Have you noticed that? Its something we did or didnt do.

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  • Definitely good to have some clarity for all those pregnant mumma’s! There is so much new information being discovered all the time but I think it’s important to just be as healthy and happy as you can be. Stress is just as damaging to mum and Bub as other things can be.

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  • Thanks for sharing this articles, it’s so much more balanced than Trump’s claims in yesterdays article. Personally I think that Autism continues to be a condition that continues to deserve thorough research. The fact that Autism doesn’t have a known single cause, but multiple causes and impacts makes it more complex.

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  • It is good to have an article shared with the community that challenges the assertions made about paracetamol. Pregnant women already have a wealth of information and concern about pregnancy to manage. I agree with needing to treat fever when pregnant; I was incredibly ill and had to take medication to bring down raging fevers that have been proven to cause issues.

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