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June 4, 2025

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The federal government has launched a “rapid review” to look at what works to prevent bullying in schools.

Led by mental health experts, the review will underpin a new national standard to respond to bullying. This follows the death of a young Sydney school student last year.

It also comes as the Queensland government rolls out a A$33 million anti-bullying plan in the state’s schools.

As schools, parents and governments look at what more can be done to prevent bullying, we have to ask why children bully other kids.

If we understand the motives, we can help these children change their behaviour – and achieve their goals or have their needs met in other ways.

What lies behind bullying?

Research tells us children broadly bully for social reasons. For example, a 2022 study showed children can bully to gain social status among peers – to be seen as powerful, tough or cool. Or they can bully to maintain status as part of an in-group. Perhaps another child is seen as a “threat” to that status.

Children can also bully for revenge for perceived insults. Or for entertainment – making a joke at another student’s expense.

Research shows motivations can also differ depending on the type of bullying. For example, face-to-face bullying seems to involve more children who bully for social dominance, while those who cyberbully do it more for entertainment and “fun”.

In a 2014 study, Marilyn Campbell and colleagues asked different groups about their perceptions of why young people engaged in cyber-bullying. Parents said children did it out of revenge for being bullied themselves, teachers said students did it for fun, and students thought others cyber-bullied because of peer pressure.

This highlights how complex understanding children’s motives can be.

Children may not bully for long

We should be careful about thinking of all students who bully as long-term “bullies”.

Most children who bully try the behaviour and stop when it does not get them what they want, just as many children who are victimised are not bullied for long.

Though of course, even being bullied for a short time can still be damaging and traumatic for the student on the receiving end.

This could suggest there is a developmental phase in bullying as most bullying occurs between children in Year 6 through to Year 10.

However, there are those students who persistently bully others and these are the students whose behaviour remains a problem despite interventions and prevention approaches.

Who is more likely to bully?

There are certain personality types who are more likely to persistently bully others. These include:

But research is mixed on the question of self-esteem. Some researchers say children who bully have high self-esteem, yet others have found they have low self-esteem.

There are many reasons why a child might develop the personality traits that would lead them to bully.

Physical abuse in childhood can play a role. There is an association between a child being exposed to domestic violence at home and then bullying their peers.

Parenting can also be a factor. For example, being overvalued but not well disciplined by parents can lead to higher traits of narcissism and a greater likelihood a child will bully.

What can we do?

Children who persistently bully may require targeted and nuanced approaches. Current approaches emphasise restoring positive relationships, rather than punishments or sanctions.

One approach is individual motivational interviewing. Here a school counsellor shows young people they can achieve their goals by other means. This encourages perpetrators to see there are more benefits in not bullying than in bullying. For example, “I want to be popular. But if I bully, I also make other kids scared of me and not want to hang around me.”

More broadly, schools can also teach explicit programs on social and emotional learning.

These programs focus on emotional intelligence and emotional literacy, enabling students to recognise and manage their emotions, understand the perspectives of others and have positive relationships with peers.

Schools which respect the diversity of students, are also better placed to address bullying. If all students have opportunities to participate in learning, it will develop their sense of belonging to their school community. This not only decreases rates of bullying but supports students who have been victimised.


If this article has raised issues for you, or if you’re concerned about someone you know, call Lifeline on 13 11 14 or Kids Helpline on 1800 55 1800.The Conversation

Marilyn Campbell, Professor, School of Early Childhood & Inclusive Education, Queensland University of Technology and Shannon O’Brien, PhD Candidate, School of Education, Queensland University of Technology

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

  • There are so many reasons why children and adults bully and it really does need to be tackled by everyone at all levels. There needs to be a zero tolerance to bullying and it does indeed need to be called out and managed and there need to be strategies in place that work. A review and going forward with a workable plan is a good idea.

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  • I don’t fully agree with you tessie. One of my foster daughters had sooooo many detentions and suspensions over the years for unacceptable behaviours towards staff and peers that I could write books about it. She also has several diagnosis and is on the NDIS, so despite that plenty of consequences were applied (and rightly so).

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  • I think it comes from the parents on how they raise their children. One thing can be – child is raised in similar circumstances at home, his/her parents bullying him/her at home. Other thing can be – parents don’t have time to look after kids and they basically do what they want. Lastly – parents know how they children act, but they either don’t say anything or they think “better them being bullies then being bullied”.

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  • I know bullying has been going on for a long time but it’s worsened since we are no longer allowed to punish children who misbehave. I don’t mean always smacking them either. Since some children will lie about their punishments, most parents just give their children what they want. When I went to school the pupils had to respect their teachers and fellow pupils and they were punished if they didn’t. They were given 3 chances, the first time they had to write a composition on why they shouldn’t do whatever, the second was sitting in the principals office and missing out on something they really wanted to do and the third was a smack with the cane which rarely if ever happened. Now those things can’t happen so the bullying intensifies. Also cyberbullying makes it even worse.

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  • As a mother who’s child was bullied the education department absolutely sucks balls! From teachers principals mayors local members of parliament and the education department itself all need to hang there heads in shame! Noone takes bullh seriously and it seems that the perpetrators seem to get all the benefits and safeguards! System choking itself

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  • My son was bullied from kindergarten onwards constantly and to be told that he was in trouble if he reacted back at the bullies makes it even worse. Was told on one occassion that the child who was bullying had not taken his medication so that was why he hit my son. Not good enough this is what is causing so many issues in our systems now. Eventually I had enough and removed both my children to another school where they were treated much better. My children who have above average intelligence were seen by these bullies as a threat and as I assisted in lots of the school’s activities for each of my children’s classes it was extremely hard not to act on the bullies when you observed them doing things to all other children and getting away with it daily. The bullies should be disiplined accordingly and made to miss out on what others are doing as a punishment too.
    The schools are part to blame as they do not handle the situations correctly. When a bully has your child in a head lock and your child hits the bully in the stomach to release the hold and who gets into trouble…. not the bully….. could keep going on this but removing my children was the best thing for them and myself.

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  • I was the target of bullying all my way through school (primary and high school) and it definitely affects you later in life. I definitely feel that I am more shy and reclusive than I might otherwise have been. I tend to think that kids who feel insecure bully to make themselves feel better.

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  • Bullying in schools is a real concern and starts at a young age. Unfortunately my daughter is being bullied at the moment and it is heart breaking to hear her come home and be upset. We need more tools and tips to help us guide our kids through these times and have the schools help manage this when it happens too.

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  • Bullying in a school environment is a dynamic many fail to observe and explore without imposing their personal experience and projecting their feelings onto the subject. Unfortunately so many of us have been the victim of bullying or the parent of a victimised child, that it’s hard to recognise the bully as a victim of any description also. It’s hard to have sympathy for those that have been cruel to us but it is absolutely essential to understanding why people bully, and implementing effective change.

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  • My ASD son has had the same bully since Year 7, when you are sitting in the principal’s office in Week 4 of Year 7 after your child has been bullied, physically bullied, verbally threatened with violence, that is not on, and now in Year 9 it is still happening. Police are now called in, my son is being physically assaulted by this student, just this one student… enough is enough, no gentle parenting or school discussions is going to fix this, we need stronger action. My son should not be the one who misses out or has to change or has to remove himself from situations or walk in a different area just to avoid this one student. I have had enough; my son has had enough. The school has heard me, and boy, did they hear me. I am tired of the non-action, or” it will be alright action”, this is physical bullying and enough is enough.

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  • This article is a whole lot of drivel. Bullying has been going on for ever. All of our 4 children were bullied at some stage of their school lives and now our grandchildren are being put through far worse bullying to the stage that they refuse to attend school. These bullies are the thugs of the future. Discipline has been taken out of the hands of everyone and the bullies are just laughing. I honestly don’t know what the answer is but the judicial authorities need to take a good look at themselves.

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  • You have hit the nail on the head!!

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  • This is a good read and great this subject continues to be studied. Personally I think it all begins at home where we lay the basis for respect for all the beautiful differences in people, where we lay the basis for empathy, love, care and where we teach our children to be inclusive.

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  • It’s great that they’re looking into it, as to why it occurs, but more needs to be done to actually stop it. Schools already have so much on their plates so I don’t like saying they should do more but if they can, with more programs, it would help. Parents really need to have bigger discussions with their children about it and how to handle it.

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  • This review and all the data is targeted at the Bully.. what about the kids who are bullied and have the Post traumatic stress of it and consistently watching their backs for more bullying. I totally understand the needs to stop bullying but it seems no one cares about the victim.. the one being bullied..
    They have to suffer in silence whilst the schools focus on fixing and rehabilitation of the bullying.
    This it’s not right and why we hear of the bullied kids dying.

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  • Definitely home life adds to the list of reasons someone may lash out at others too and their social environment. It’s great that the Government is taking this much more seriously and looking into ways to help manage and prevent this. It’s a step in the right direction for all kids to be happy.

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  • I don’t think there is any exact reason that kids become bullies. Nature vs nurture. How they are treated at home and the personalities and behaviors that are shown to them, and how the outside world has treated them. Definitely insecurities and wanting to fit in. I just hope that outreach programs and assistance for those affected can be widely available so we aren’t seeing young kids lost to bullying

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